Persuasive Speech On Global Warming - 1554 Words

(Topic = Issue): Climate Change Title: Destroying the Atmosphere One Greenhouse Gas at a Time General Purpose: To Persuade Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience to help reduce climate change and stop deforestation by buying wood products from certified companies that help forests. Thesis Statement/Central Idea: Climate change is big problem in our world and we are cause, because of our human-induced climate change we are causing extreme weather all around the world, one solution to this problem is stopping deforestation, and we can do that through strong government enforcement of deforestation laws. Introduction I. (Attention Getter) 2016 was a record setting year for climate change. The first six months were the warmest that have†¦show more content†¦(Transition to Body) Since we all living on the Earth and contributing to climate change, let us find out what it is and how it is causing extreme weather. Body I. (Main Point = Need) According to NASA climate is made up of two things. Those two things are the climates of certain locations during the different seasons and the Earth’s climate which is a combination of all those different induvial climates. A) (Subpoint) Climate change is the change of climate in a locations usual weather during different seasons. Once all of these separate climates begin to change so does the Earth’s. 1) (Sub-subpoint) According to the EPA we are seeing rising levels in the Earth’s temperature, snow and rainfall patterns are shifting, and we are experiencing more extreme weather events. This climate change can be linked to extreme rises in manmade greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere. 2) (Sub-sub-subpoint) From 1990 to 2014 we have seen an increase in manmade greenhouse gas levels by 7 percent. There are 4 main greenhouse gases that we are producing: Carbon dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, and Fluorinated gases. 3) (Sub-sub-sub-subpoint) When we produce these gases they get trapped in the atmosphere. These gases absorb the heat that is radiatingShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Speech About Global Warming922 Words   |  4 PagesPERSUASIVE SPEECH OUTLINE General Purpose: To persuade Specific purpose: After listening to my speech, my audience will know how they can change their lives for a bigger challenge – to save the world. Thesis: Knowing what a problem nowadays is global warming, how CO2 gas affects it and how can we change it. Title: Lifestyle to make some changes INTRODUCTION I. Attention Material: Question â€Å"DoRead MorePersuasive Speech on Global Warming Essay646 Words   |  3 PagesPERSUASIVE SPEECH ON GLOBAL WARMING by: Jennifer Zelmer Introduction: We all know about global warming, but do we really care or try to do at least some of the things that will help stop it or at least slow it down? 1) Over the last century our planets temp. has risen 1 degree. I know that doesnt sound like much but its been enough to melt a lot of the polar ice caps and glaciers. A) The hottest years ever recorded were in the late 1990s and early 2000s. B) In 2007 there wasRead MoreGlobal Warming - A persuasive speech1524 Words   |  7 Pagesstrive together to reduce our carbon emissions and†¦ save the planetBACKGROUND:Weve all heard about Climate Change and youve now heard me list some of its disastrous effects, but what exactly causes it? And what can we do about it?In a nutshell, global warming, known as climate change, is the heating up of our world. It is the result of huge amounts of CO2 being pumped into the atmosphere, via the burning fossil fuels such as coal and oil to produce power and electricity and thousands and thousandsRead MoreWhy Is It Important? How Your Audience As You Prepare Your Speech? Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesWhy is it important to analyze your audience as you prepare your speech? Everyone has different views, religion, values, attitudes and beliefs as many will hold one more important than others and conflict with others. This leads the audience to biases in listening to the speaker therefore may not listen attentively or care about the speech. Thus as a speaker you must know your audience is as a person, their love, views, values, and beliefs to use it to entice them to listen and care. After all itRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Kristof792 Words   |  4 Pageswhich in turn makes his essay more persuasive. Aside from displaying and building a good ethos Nicholas also excelled in formulating an effective logos. Kristof shines in his development of his logos. He uses a plethora of different sources to construct his argument from many points of views. The main point that he is trying to make is that the carbon emissions from wealthy countries in the West are seriously damaging third world countries through global warming. Throughout his passage, NicholasRead MoreSpeech On Rising Sea Level Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pages 1. Why is it important to analyze your audience as you prepare your speech? Everyone has different views, religion, values, and beliefs as many will hold one more important than others and conflict with others. This leads the audience to biases in listening to the speaker therefore may not listen attentively or care about the speech. Thus as a speaker you must know your audience is as a person, their love, views, values, and beliefs to use it to entice them to listen and care. After all it is theRead MoreHybrid Cars1485 Words   |  6 Pagesadvantages over conventional cars. Introduction I. Here is an alarming statistic: According to the website GreenerCars.com, the United States is the world’s largest emitter of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas that causes global warming (Open with impact/Gain attention). II. By clapping your hands, how many of you are as shocked as I was to learn this information? (Poll the audience/Respond). II. There are many ways to promote a cleaner Earth. However, today I will be specificallyRead MoreSpeech Outline On Nuclear And Mechanical Engineering2827 Words   |  12 PagesUnderwood From: Yakob Kassa Communications 1101 Baccalaureate of Science in Nuclear and Mechanical Engineering Idaho State University Re: Submission of persuasive speech outline The speech outline has been done following the sample outline for persuasive speech in principles of speech course supplement book on page 147 and implementing the persuasive skeleton outline format on page 146. The table of content will help navigate through the outline if you click on the desired section. Regards, YakobRead MorePersuasive Speech Outline The Importance of Recycling Essay702 Words   |  3 Pages Persuasive Speech Outline The Importance of Recycling Title: Recycling General Purpose: To Persuade the audience Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience to recycle materials for saving the Earth. Central Idea: You should recycle materials because it can help the Earth save i. Introduction (Attention) A. Attention getter – How many people read a paper on a daily bases? How many people throw it in the trash when they are done? How many people drink some sort of bottled drink throughoutRead MoreVegetarian Is The New Prius Essay1153 Words   |  5 Pagesswims except ships†. Nevertheless, I eat more fruit, vegetables, nuts, and whole grains but less meat to make careful choices for environmental protection. Similarly, Kathy Freston argues that animal agriculture is one of the top contributors to global warming. In her Huffington Post selection â€Å"Vegetarian Is the New Prius,† Freston lists how many emissions of greenhouse gases people make when they eat meat and illustrates the consumption of tree in animal agriculture. She effectively convinces her audiences

CIPD for Sustainability - Property and the Economy -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCIPD for Sustainability, Property and the Economy. Answer: Concept of CPD and its importance for HR practitioner The CPD stands for continuing professional development and it can allow for improving the skills and abilities to become competent in the field of HR profession as well as enhance the professional career experience with ease and effectiveness. The continuing professional development will not only make the HR practitioner establish himself or herself as a successful person to manage the human resources properly, but can also allow for safeguarding the public, the employer, professional and career too. It could provide benefits to the individuals and their professionals as well as benefit the public by becoming more competent and skilled as a HR practitioner (Clutterbuck 2014). It could be an effective career long obligation needed by the practicing professionals and even ensure successful growth and development of the individuals career. The skills and abilities would be kept in pace with the actual standards of the organization and furthermore improve the skills, knowledge and expert ise of the HR practitioner to deliver a better professional service to its customers and the entire community. The information and knowledge obtained should remain updated, which could allow for managing changes at a faster rate and make meaningful contribution to the team to ensure successful human resource management as well. It would also enable moving forward in career as well as influence others through motivation and encouragement, furthermore increase public confidence in the field of profession as a whole (Lee 2017). CIPD could also contribute to the betterment of life, sustainability, property and the economy of the country too. CIPD profession map The CIPD profession map could set the bar high by setting up proper goals and objectives and at the same time make me understand what to do and how to accomplish tasks with ease and effectiveness. Various skills and knowledge shall be required for becoming an effective HR practitioner. The three major professional areas that should be covered in the self-assessment could be the resource and talent planning, employee engagement and management of good employee relations. It would allow for determining the best HR and LD professionals and ensure successful functioning of the organization along with better management of employees too (Hardingham 2017). As a HR practitioner, I would like to focus on providing incentives to the employees and even motivate them through guidance, so that employee engagement would be possible and they could be influenced to perform to their potential. I would like to provide them with rewards for their better performances, which could not only lead to better performances but also would enhance their ability to learn and develop with time to contribute to the organizations efficiency. Resourcing and talent planning could be another area where I need to focus on for managing the processes of recruitment and selection properly as well as train the workers to improve their skills, knowledge and expertise level (Saundry and Wibberley 2016). The major development needs include training because of lack of confidence and skills among the individuals, need for motivation to perform better and better learning opportunities. I would like to arrange training and developmental sessions for them so that they could enhance their skills, knowledge and expertise and become successful in performing to their potential. I would provide them with developmental programs where they could gain more scopes and opportunities to excel in their field and at the same time, possess skills to make decisions and choices that should be beneficial for the growth and development of the organization they had been working for (Charlwood, Stuart and Trusson 2017). Three key internal customers of HR The three major internal customers of HR are the employees, managers and departments where the employees have been working. The employees are the customers who need good working conditions, culture and proper guidance to ensure successful performing to their potential within the organization whereas the managers are responsible for managing the workforce. The managers need proper leadership skills and decision-making abilities to guide the team members in the right direction as well as enable them to set goals and objectives that are needed to be achieved. The managers need proper training to enhance their leadership skills and make sure that he workforce consists of skilled, knowledgeable and expert employees to contribute to the business efficiency (Mearns 2014). The various departments need proper amount of resources along with necessary attributes to form a dedicated workforce that can accomplish the business goals and objectives with much ease and effectiveness. The employees ne ed to be kept satisfied otherwise their dedication and morale would be lowered, which could deteriorate the business performance as a whole too (Davies 2017). Employees Employees often get into conflicts due to difference in their opinions and responses, because of which, it is essential for proper guidance by the HR manager to mediate the disputes and furthermore interpret the company policies to set up an appropriate behavior within the workplace. They need someones support that can guide them in the right direction as well as resolve conflicts arising from language differences, disrespectful behaviors within the workplace and poor attitudes too. The HR manager could make them understand their mistakes, provide measures that would make them overcome the issues, and create a good atmosphere and working conditions for the employees (Goetsch and Davis 2014). Sharing the responsibilities and consolidation of systems for efficiency are other things that the employees need. Managers The managers of the organizations need proper relationship and trust with the HR to make the best staffing decisions with the best interests of the respective departments. The organizational structure might not provide enough support to the front line managers based on the expertise, knowledge and qualifications of the HR staffs. The HR could motivate and encourage the managers to make the right decisions as well as develop the strategic direction of the organization to accomplish the goals and objectives perfectly. Managers also need proper training provided by the managers to manage employee relations and strengthen the employee employer relationship (Cascio 2018). The training regarding anti-discrimination and harassment preventions laws for the managers could help in preventing conflicts, misunderstandings and keep the workforce motivated as well to perform their best within the workplace. Often the processes of recruitment and selection require coordination between the HR recrui ters and department hiring managers. The managers expect HR to comprehend those things that they need to present among the employees, furthermore influence the hiring decisions (Mishra, Boynton and Mishra 2014). Departments The HR departments require consolidation of HR data, information and processes including the management and administration of employees, employee and manager self-service functions, tax compliance, reporting and analytics, management of payroll activities, etc. The various departments also need proper resources so that the tasks could be completed properly and the goals and objectives could be achieved with ease and effectiveness. There are various departments including the HR department, finance department and operations department. The departments need partnership working with the involvement of managers, team members and employees so that the departments could function efficiently (Quirke 2017). Conflicting needs and priorities The conflicting needs and priorities are identified with the help of monitoring the performances of managers, various departments and the employees. By understanding their performances, it would be easy to identify any kinds of conflicts that have arisen and take necessary steps for minimizing the impact of those kinds of conflicts with ease. It would also be important to conduct performance appraisal at SABIC. As it is a chemical manufacturing company, so it would also be essential for making sure that the employees activities are monitored at regular intervals to maintain safety within the workplace. The managerial conflicts could be dealt with the help of meetings where the causes of conflicts should be understood and necessary precautions should be taken for preventing any such occurrences furthermore (Morgan, Paucar-Caceres and Wright 2014). The conflicts among the employees could be resolved by providing them with necessary benefits for fulfilling their requirements and prefere nces and ensuring that that could work perfectly at SABIC, Saudi Arabia. Three methods of communication along with the pros and cons A project management or social collaboration platform could be created at SABIC for improving the communication with the internal customers as well as provide the employees with access to the platforms for promoting effective communication an teamwork. It could promote seamless sharing and exchange of information and data, furthermore improve the productivity level and bring together people, data and processes for ensuring proper problem solving techniques and decision making. One of the major drawback could be the lack of experience in handling or managing the social media platforms along with higher costs associated with its implementation within the workplace (Ovard and Greeff 2013). Emails could act as effective communication procedures for leveraging the subject line as well as make the receiver understand the messages properly. It could be done for communicating with the employees and gain their immediate attention that would require immediate actions too. Emails might often result in making the receiver not getting the messages properly and it could get into the outbox and remain undelivered. Feedbacks should be provided as soon as the receiver get the message or information transferred. Telephonic conversations and video conferencing could also be beneficial for communicating with the internal customers. Video conferencing could allow the managers at SABIC to view each other and talk about certain matters to get the work done (Vaishnavi and Kuechler 2015). Video conferencing might not be a success due to a bad internet connection of lower bandwidth, which could be a major disadvantage of such kind of communication. Effectiveness of HR service delivery at the organization HR service delivery at SABIC is maintained properly to deliver the best quality services to the employees and even handle the difficult customers properly by accepting their complaints and feedbacks and responding to those immediately too. The complaints from the internal customers regarding some kinds of issues or conflicts could be managed by communicating with the employees and then plan for necessary remedial procedures. The time and budget should be considered to check whether the services could be feasible or not and how much time should be required for handling the issues within the workplace (Navin et al. 2014). Rather than just receiving the complaints of the customers, it would be important for the HR to make sure that the feedbacks of the employees were focused on and the sources of such kinds of issues could be identified. This could assist in undertaking immediate actions and even penalize the individual who might be held liable for the causes of such conflicts or issues at SABIC. HR summary reports According to the MyCPD, it could be understood about the behaviors in certain areas required to meet certain expectations with ease and convenience. From the HR summary reports, I have been quite competent in the areas of employee engagement, management of employee relationships and conflict resolutions. This could not only make me gain the ability to undertake actions, but also deliver the best positive outcomes for ensuring tracking the progress and completing the tasks within the allocated time and budget as well (Arciniegas, Janssen and Rietveld 2013). With the help of my leadership skills, behaviors and decision-making skills, I would likely meet the agreed standards and expectations, furthermore manage the resourcing and talent planning properly. This would not only improve my skills, knowledge and expertise, but could even allow me to benefit the organization where I had been working. From the business reports, it is clear that I need to work with the managers at different lev els of the organization to focus on the actual outcomes and manage identification and resourcing of talents properly to improve the business efficiency (Souza et al. 2015). According to the HR summary reports from MyCPD, with the help of my competency skills, it would be easy for me to analyze the resources and talent data and information to manage successful retention, new hires and turnover. It could even enhance my skills to provide advices and opinions to the managers and managers about managing the human resources properly and strengthen the workforce capability. These are few of my strengths, which can allow me to conduct researches and the various recruitment procedures, furthermore administer the selection processes activities such as online testing, psychometric testing and management of interviews (Tiller, Gentry and Richards 2013). Few of the gaps that could be identified from the HR summary reports could be lack of ability to manage talent and succession planning, inability to manage the principles of appropriate objective assessment and difference in assessment methodologies including the role-playing sessions, presentations vary for the in dividuals and even the interviews conducted. I would like to act as a role model, so that the employees could get motivated and influenced and at the same time, support the best practices and ideas with the other employees. It would also be beneficial for me to provide accurate financial data to support the plans adopted by the team members, furthermore regulate the HRM practices to ensure accuracy and meeting the agreed standards of the organization too (Sabic.com 2018). Few of the strengths include obtaining the feedbacks and responses and responding to those accordingly for facilitating the development opportunities and even providing appropriate financial data for financial planning and HR budgeting. The insights, strategy and solutions could be applied at senior level with the help of assessment of financial performance and checking the amount that could be considered as rate of return on investments. It could also be understood from the HR summary reports that the legal, financial and market factors should be analyzed for dealing with the issues faced within the organization and ensure successful functioning at SABIC (Alfes et al. 2013). The stakeholders should be identified such as shareholders or investors, employees, customers, managers, suppliers to focus on the development of stakeholder group map, furthermore meet their expectations and keep them satisfied too. Development plan What do I want/need to learn? What will I do to achieve this? What resources or support will I need? What will my success criteria be? Target dates for review and completion I need to focus on managing the human resources to promote employee engagement and management of positive employee relations I will guide the team members properly and make them understand the goals and objectives that are needed to be achieved Incentives should be provided along with good working conditions for influencing the staffs and keeping them motivated as well. The success criteria would be to maintain positive relationships between the employer and employee 15 th April, 2018 To identify the internal customers and conflicting needs and priorities It could be done through performance measurement and appraisal along with the monitoring of their performances Web cameras, performance measurement reports could be assessed as well To identify the gaps and their weaknesses based on which the issues could be overcome with ease 20 th April, 2018 Utilising the different methods of communication Use of emails, video conferencing tools and media platforms These tools and techniques could not only establish good communication but would also facilitate the abilities of the individuals to discuss about certain matters Once good communication is established within the workplace and the business functions are managed much more easily 30th April, 2018 References Alfes, K., Truss, C., Soane, E.C., Rees, C. and Gatenby, M., 2013. The relationship between line manager behavior, perceived HRM practices, and individual performance: Examining the mediating role of engagement. Human resource management, 52(6), pp.839-859. Arciniegas, G., Janssen, R. and Rietveld, P., 2013. Effectiveness of collaborative map-based decision support tools: Results of an experiment. Environmental modelling software, 39, pp.159-175. Cascio, W., 2018. Managing human resources. McGraw-Hill Education. Charlwood, A.M., Stuart, M. and Trusson, C., 2017. Human capital metrics and analytics: assessing the evidence of the value and impact of people data. Clutterbuck, D., 2014. Everyone needs a mentor. Kogan Page Publishers. Davies, J., 2017. CIPD's profession for the future project and its implications for the HRD curriculum in UK universities. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014. Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Hardingham, A., 2017. The coach's coach: Personal development for personal developers. Kogan Page Publishers. Lee, G., 2017. Leadership coaching: From personal insight to organisational performance. Kogan Page Publishers. Mearns, L., 2014. 'Negotiation and the management of interpersonal relationships within the workplace'. Mishra, K., Boynton, L. and Mishra, A., 2014. Driving employee engagement: The expanded role of internal communications. International Journal of Business Communication, 51(2), pp.183-202. Morgan, L., Paucar-Caceres, A. and Wright, G., 2014. Leading effective global virtual teams: The consequences of methods of communication. Systemic Practice and Action Research, 27(6), pp.607-624. Navin, A.H., Navimipour, N.J., Rahmani, A.M. and Hosseinzadeh, M., 2014. Expert grid: new type of grid to manage the human resources and study the effectiveness of its task scheduler. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 39(8), pp.6175-6188. Ovard, D.K. and Greeff, R., Round Rock Research LLC, 2013. Wireless communication systems, interrogators and methods of communication within a wireless communication system. U.S. Patent 8,351,968. Quirke, B., 2017. Making the connections: using internal communication to turn strategy into action. Sabic.com. (2018). SABIC - Home. [online] Available at: https://www.sabic.com [Accessed 11 Apr. 2018]. Saundry, R.A. and Wibberley, G., 2016, April. Workplace MediationTransforming the Culture of Conflict Management?. In CIPD Applied Research Conference 2015: The shifting landscape of work and working lives. Published Conference paper. CIPD. Souza, R.G., Rosenhead, J., Salhofer, S.P., Valle, R.A.B. and Lins, M.P.E., 2015. Definition of sustainability impact categories based on stakeholder perspectives. Journal of Cleaner Production, 105, pp.41-51. Tiller, R., Gentry, R. and Richards, R., 2013. Stakeholder driven future scenarios as an element of interdisciplinary management tools; the case of future offshore aquaculture development and the potential effects on fishermen in Santa Barbara, California. Ocean coastal management, 73, pp.127-135. Vaishnavi, V.K. and Kuechler, W., 2015. Design science research methods and patterns: innovating information and communication technology. Crc Press.

About Forest Fires

About Forest Fires Free Online Research Papers Forest fires can be caused by nature or by humans. But either way they can both threaten the lives of innocent people and animals. Not all fires are bad though some are set on fire on purpose. A few ways forest fires can be prevented is by having strict laws to do with fire. Such as camp fires, smoking or anything hazardous to becoming a fire. A great example where fire laws are strict is at Yellow Stone National park founded in 1872. There are hundreds of fires in yellow stone park a year. Even thought there are hundreds of fires there they continue to do controlled burns to remove non-native plants. Forest fires have negative affects to the home of humans and animals. They can destroy all the under brush and tress where animals live. They wipe out hundreds of homes and buildings. Some fires even kill innocent people who get trapped in the middle of the fires path. Although there are many negative facts about fire there are many positive affects to. For example if a are is crowded with tress or many old and dead trees it can clean things up by burning them leaving room for new trees. If an area is being over taken by a foreign plant then it will eliminate that plant and let the old one come back to life. Fires may also destroy bad tree diseases such as bark beetle. All in all I think forest fires are a huge part of are environment. As long as forest fires are controlled we can learn to live with them and to use them to our advantage. Maybe some day scientist of the future will use our research to find a stop the bad fires that can destroy thousands of acres. In conclusion forest fires can be very helpful but very deadly. Research Papers on About Forest FiresWhere Wild and West MeetGenetic EngineeringTwilight of the UAWHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayThe Spring and AutumnCapital Punishment19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

buy custom Forms of Similar Drugs essay

buy custom Forms of Similar Drugs essay The users of the steroids are in most of the situation prompted to use the drug in a combination of other drugs that are similarly harmful to them. These includes the classes of stimulants, pain killers, depressants, drugs that are anti-inflammatory in addition to other types of hormones that are viewed to cause effects of offsetting the side effects that are brought about by the use of steroids. It is however a paradox that the use of these types of drugs are a strategy for further escalation of the chances that adverse reactions will prevail. Most of the steroids are usually manufactured through illegal means. They are also traded in black markets and therefore the possibility of their quality control in non existent. They may also be bogus, mislabeled as well as contaminated. This is therefore consequential for the addition of the harms that are associated with the use of the drug. There are however some cases where the drug may be used for medical purposes which a is a valid as well as genuine case of the use of steroids. The use of the drug on a medical basis is aimed at the treatment of diseases such as the breast cancer, anemia, cases of osteoporosis, hereditary angiodema which is a form of swelling disorder as well as endometris. There is however no use that hae so far been sanctioned for the use of the steroids in the case of the purposes of cosmetics or the performance of the athletics. As a result of the side effects that are negative in addition to the potentialities associated with the abuse of the drug. There has been a need for the classification of the steroids in the class of the substances that are controlled. These are usually associated with stiff penalties in cases of suspected trafficking their possession as well as their use if this is not on a medical ground. Most of the associations of the athletics, International Olympic Committee, includ ed conducts the tests against the use of the steroids among the participants and in case the use of the drug is detected there is an imposition of a stiff penalty (Sherwood, 2008). Side effects in addition to the complications of the use of anabolic steroid. There are varying degrees of the side effects that are associated with the use of steroids which are of a serious magnitude are are commonly experienced among the users. The side effects may be reversible but at the same time they may be a possible cause of a permanent damage. They are associated with the damage of the liver. According to research that has so far been conducted in the cases of hospitalized patients, there is an indication of the damage of the liver as a result of the use of the steroids. The steroids are responsible for the reduction of the potential functioning of the liver. There is a possibility of the bleeding of the liver which is a cystic condition that may be fatal. The use of the steroids has strong connections with the cancer of the liver although in cases that are rare. They also have potential effects on the victims cardiovascular system in as far as the heart is concerned. This situation has however suffered from a deficiency of research but some studies in addition to some investigations have indicated that the use of the drug is a potential factor of risk for the damage of the cardiovascular system. This is accompanied by the problems of the blood pressure in addition to the lipoproteins of the like of cholesterol. There is additional evidence of the potential danger to the victims heart in addition to the high possibility of the occurrence of the heart diseases in addition to the instances of stroke and this is most common in the case of the use of the drug in an oral manner (Sherwood, 2008). Buy custom Forms of Similar Drugs essay

Balanced Scorecard Implementation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Balanced Scorecard Implementation - Essay Example Secondly the study has discovered the existence of a negative correlation between the four elements - financial, customer, internal business processes and, learning and growth - of the BSC framework and effective development and integration of information systems as determined by costs. Thus this study is particularly influenced by the relevance or irrelevance of establishing a contingency convergent/divergent theoretical and conceptual model on the relative significance of the existing frameworks for analysis of the BSC framework and ERP environment related endogenous and exogenous variables that have a primary and an immediate impact on learning outcomes such as the need for flexible and cost-effective information systems. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) environment of the modern business organization is determined by three fundamental characteristics. They are material requirements planning (MRP), Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) and digital information systems (DIS) (Esteves, & Pastor, J2001). Thus the ERP environment of the business organization is all about information systems and their design and implementation by using the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) framework. The BSC framework on the other hand consists of four distinct but integral elements, i.e. financial management, customer related perspectives, internal business processes and, learning and growth (Kalpan & Norton 1992). In order for the organization to successfully adopt measures related to BSC performance, the organization would have to adopt ERP measures simultaneously so that the former can be more effective. For instance ERP environment has comparative advantages directly related to BSC framework. Organizations that adopt BSC f ramework as a strategic measure to achieve positive organizational outcomes are compelled to adopt comparatively better MRP, CIM and/or DIS policies. This is determined by competition.Thus the internal corporate environment of the organization is extensively determined by the BSC framework because the above constraint/advantage has a direct impact on the four main elements and their respective sub-elements in the BSC framework. This in turn can be assumed to present a structural and componential framework for reference in establishing a set of paradigms or standards in the examination of ERP systems for effective adoption of information systems in the organization. The consistent need for such effective and flexible information systems and sub-structures thereof has been emphasized time and again by researchers and analysts thus focusing attention on the far reaching consequences of design and implementation of such information systems. The organizational setting requires such ERP m easures to be evaluated in advance for their degree of convergence

Contract law as practiced in Europe Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Contract law as practiced in Europe - Case Study Example The aim of this letter is to examine whether your wife has a chance of getting a favourable settlement in court if she decides to take legal action against you after all. The issue here is whether Penny's case will succeed if brought to court. In other words, will the case find you, Max Power, liable of paying Penny the money that you owe her for support for the past six months This is given the fact that the two of you are still legally married under the Irish Family Law Act 1995 and you having promised to support your wife who is unable to work because of the work place accident that she had five years ago. These are the questions I, as your legal adviser, will be trying to answer in this letter. As to whether Penny's case will succeed if it comes before any Irish family court, I strongly believe that your wife stands a higher chance of convincing the judge to force you to clear the outstanding balance and to continue paying her the monthly allowances. This is if she accuses you on other grounds apart from the current grounds of ostensibly breaking a contract. However, since she has opted to sue you for breaking a contract, I believe that her case does not stand a chance in a court of law in England. This is because there is no legal document that exists showing that the two of you entered in any form of contract. ... 3 In June 2008, you left for Dubai and left your wife alone at home 4 You verbally agreed to pay Penny support allowances of $1500 verbally and you did so for six months 5 In January 2009, you met Stacey Floodgates and soon took her in as your partner 6 Since January 2009, you defaulted on paying Penny her monthly allowances 7 Five years ago, Penny had an accident which left her unable to work, and so she had been relying on her husband's support payments for upkeep 8 The reason why Penny is suing you is because she believes that the contract between the two of you, though verbal, was binding Rule Statement and Rule Synthesis For a contract to be binding under the European code of conduct, there are some requirements that it has to meet. These are generally referred to as "the three c's" (Gordley, 2008). The first is the cause, whereby a reason should have emerged that required for the drafting of the contract (Gordley, 2008). The second is consideration. This is whereby the two parties must have identified the form of contract that is best to enter into to given their circumstances. The third and most important aspect of a contract in our case here is the consent (Gordley, 2008). This is an indication that the parties went through the contract and agreed to abide by the terms provided for there. This consent is indicated in form of a signature that is appended by both parties in the contract. Without a signature, leave alone without the written document, the contract is null and void, and nobody can be accused of breaching it. The only exception whereby an actual signature is not needed on the document is when the contract is done online (Orlando, 2009). But even these form of contracts, under the Irish law that governs electronic contracts,

Encephalitis Is An Infection Of The Brain Biology Essay

Encephalitis Is An Infection Of The Brain Biology Essay Encephalitis is an infection of the brain that cause of irritation and inflammation to the brain Medical Encylopedia, 2012. Primary encephalitis is happened when the infection of the brain or spinal cord. Secondary encephalitis is happened when the infection is started to spread to the whole body and to the brain (Nordqvist, 2009). Encephalitis is a swelling of the brain parenchyma (nervous tissue in brain) that responsible for function of electrochemical communication and the ability of body to send message to different parts (david) http://www.doereport.com/imagescooked/4049W.jpg Goodman (2003) argued that encephalitis is an acute inflammatory disease of the parenchyma of the brain. It is caused by direct viral invasion or hypersensitivity initiated by a virus. Encephalitis is characterized by inflammation primarily in the gray matter of the central nervous system (CNS). Neuronal death can result in edema. There can be damage to the vascular system and inflammation of the arachnoid and pia matter. 1.1.1 Encephalitis http://findlaw.doereport.com/imagescooked/4047W.jpg Debbie Bridges (2012) argue that encephalitis is a swelling of the brain tissue, it will become serious when it can cause change personality, debility and another symptoms with the different part of brain affected. It usually happened to children and elder with low immune system. It is very rare, in U.S, about one in 200,000 people in year. Nordqvist (2009) agreed that encephalitis is acute inflammation of the brain because immune system of the body is too low to attacks viral infection. Fever and headache usually the first symptoms and it become more dangerous like unconsciousness, confusion and coma. The patient will be faced a problem such as behaviour changes, loss of memory, language and speech problem (aphasia) and epilepsy. Arthropod à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ borne (mosquito à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ borne) viruses and herpes simplex (herpes simplex type 1) are the most common that causes encephalitis. Encephalitis is an acute febrile disease usually of viral origin and involves with nervous system (). 1.1.2 Viral Meningoencephalitis According to kumar 2004, viral encephalitis is infection of the brain at parenchymal almost constantly associated with meningoencephalitis (meningeal inflammation) and sometimes with encephalomyelitis (involves spinal cord). 1.2 Anatomy of brain http://healthy-lifestyle.most-effective-solution.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/human-anatomy-brain.jpg Figure Anatomy of the brain http://antranik.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/dura-mater-superior-sagittal-sinus-subdural-space-subarachnoid-space-falx-cerebri-periosteal-meningeal-arachnoid-villus.jpg Figure Layer of meninges The brain is protected by the scalp, the skull and the meninges, cerebrospinal fluid and blood-brain barrier. The structures of brain consists cerebellum, cerebrum, brainstem and pituitary gland. Layer of meninges include the dura mater (strongest layer), arachnoid mater) and pia mater (nearest to the brain). (Stephen n all 2010). Antranik (2011) states that meninges are surround the brain and protect the brain itself. The function meninges is cover and protect the blood vessel that supply at brain and contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between the pia mater and arachnoid mater. Dura mater consists periosteal and meningeal at immediately deep to the poriosteum. Tortora (2009) notes that the function of the blood- brain barrier (BBB) is to protect the brain from harmful substances and pathogens by prevent it enter brain through blood. The function of CSF is protecting the brain and spinal cord from chemical and physical injury. The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. Each area of cerebrum is the most important function for example controls movement and languages. The function of cerebellum is control coordination and movement. Function of brainstem is control involuntary functions such as blood pressure, temperature and breathing movement. The structure that controls of the endocrine gland is pituitary gland (Stephen 2010) 1.3 Type of Encephalitis Western equine encephalitis is arboviral infection that spread by mosquitoes which more occur in summer and most common in young children. St. Louis encephalitis is more usually at United States and affected older person. It is more seriously than younger person. West Nile fever is a form of encephalitis that caused by falvivirus, spread by mosquitoes with certain birds as an intermediate host. Encephalitis has spread from northeastern United States. Neuroborreliosis (lyme disease) is due by a spirochete, transmitted by tick bites in summer season. The part of the tick bite is red with a pale center and gradually increasing size. Herpes simplex encephalitis is arising from spread of herpes simplex virus type 1 from the trigeminal nerve ganglion. It is occurs occasionally and dangerous. This encephalitis can cause extensive necrosis and haemorrhage in the brain and usually involves the frontal and temporal lobes figures .. http://neuropathology-web.org/chapter5/images5/5-hsvl.jpg Figure heamorrhagic necrosis of the temporal and frontal lobe in adult Herpes Simplex Virus encephalitis. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Causes encephalitis Figure 2 a herpes simplex virus the most common cause encephalitis. Viral infection is the cause that affects the encephalitis. Encephalitis may be cause with different type of viruses. Herpes simplex virus is the main cause of severe cases in all ages including newborns. The person will get this virus from an infected person through breathing in respiratory droplets and skin contact. It can also through by insect bites like a mosquito and contaminated food or drink. Arbovirus encephalitis is a viral encephalitis that carried by insect (mosquito and ticks). It is rare condition where severe case more likely is happened to young children and elderly. Picture of Culex mosquito laying eggs Figure Culex mosquito laying eggs Picture of arbovirus transmission cycle It also may cause by a vaccine such as rubella, mumps and measles (Kathryn Sue 1994). Adenovirus, coxsackievirus. Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus and Echovirus are also associated with encephalitis. A number of viruses for which there is now a vaccine may also cause encephalitis. These include meales, mumps, polio, rabies, rubella, varicella (chickenpox). Other causes of encephalitis may be occurring by an allergic reaction to vaccinations, autoimmune disease, bacteria (lyme disease and tuberculosis) and the effects of cancer. According to (Christian Nordiqst ) the causes of encephalitis can be category by two which are primary (infectious) encephalitis and secondary (post infectious) encephalitis. For primary encephalitis, there are three main categories of viruses which are common viruses (herpes simplex virus) , childhood viruses (measles ,mumps), and arboviruses. Secondary encephalitis can be caused by a complication of viral infection. 2.2 Incidence 2.2.1 Incidence Encephalitis in Malaysia In September 1998, an epidemic of severe fever encephalitis among pig farmers was first reported in the state of Perak Malaysia that was associated with high rate mortality. At first death were thought by Japanese encephalitis (JE) that is endemic in Malaysia and occur occasionally. However, characteristic of JE is different to these cases. A few cases patients were young children and most of the cases happened to men that have worked with pigs. Whereas, JE is mosquito borne that most common among young children and has no associated with particular occupation. JE was eliminated from possibility JE was the cause due to illness and deaths among infected pigs. By February 1999, similar disease were happened in pigs and humans in other area in Malaysia. 2.2.2 Incidence Encephalitis in Overseas Different viruses will occur in different locations. Many cases will tend to cluster in a certain season. According to Kathryn Sue (1994) the arthropod à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬borne occurs in epidemics with different incidence like as geographic and seasonal incidence (table). Eastern equine encephalitis is the least common of encephalitis but is the most serious encephalitis. table Viral encephalitis Type Geographic incidence Seasonal incidence Arthropod- borne : Eastern equine encephalitis Eastern United States Autumn Western equine encephalitis Uniform distribution, throughout the United States Summer and early fall St. Louis encephalitis Widespread distribution , in the far west occur in rural area, elsewhere in urban areas Late summer Venezuelan equine encephalitis Sourthwestern united States Year round California virus encephalitis Midwestern states Early fall Herpes simplex encephalitis No particular geographic distribution No seasonal incidence Poliovirus poliomyelitis Sporadic distribution where nonimmunized persons cluster Summer and ealy fall Rabies Sporadic distribution throughout the United States Bites more common in the late spring and throughout the early fall DISEASE GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION VECTOR/ HOSTS Herpes encephalitis United states / the world Human to human contact West Nile encephalitis Africa, West Asia, Middle East, United States Mosquito / mostly birds Eastern equine encephalitis East Coast (from Massachussetts to Florida), Gulf Coast Mosquito / birds Western equine encephalitis Western United States and Canada Mosquito / birds Venezuelan equine encephalitis Western Hemisphere Mosquito / rodents La Crosse encephalitis United States (Midwestern Southeastern) Mosquito / chipmunks, squirrels St. Louis encephalitis Milwestern mid- Atlantic United States Mosquito/ birds Japanese encephalitis Temperate Asia, southern and southeastern Asia Mosquito/ birds and pigs Picture of worldwide distribution of major arboviral encephalitides Figure worldwide distribution and arbovirus transmission cycle. 2.3 Mortality/morbidity Encephalitis may be a mild infectious disease to a severe disorder that is life-threatening. The dramatic clinical manifestations of encephalitis are fever delirium or confusion progressing to unconsciousness, seizure activity cranial nerve palsies, paresis and paralysis, involuntary movement and abnormal reflexes. Signs of marked intracranial pressure may be present, 2.3.1 Mortality Charles Patrick 2012 argued that the certain of patients with encephalitis the death rate can be high. The death rates of St. Louis encephalitis can up to 30% of the cases. For Japanese encephalitis, the range death rate is from 0.3% to 60% of the people infected usually within the first week of illness and herpes encephalitis, 50%-755 of people die within 18 months. In contrast, it can increase survival up 90% when treatment by acyclovir (Zovirax). 2.3.2 Morbidity According to james nina 2004. Survival rates are due to the etiology of the disease. In some cases it can be fatal. In USA, according to Centers for Disease Controls and Prevention), encephalitis most occur in children, elderly people and individuals have weakened immune systems approximately in 0.5 in every 100,000 individuals. Besides that, in UK the National Health Service (NHS) places a figure at 1.5 cases per 100,000 people. ( Christian Nordqist 2009) 2.4 Signs and Symptoms 2.4.1 Symptoms of Encephalitis Before encephalitis begins, some patients will feel cold or stomach infection. For the case of encephalitis is not very severe, the symptoms may be similar with other disease such as fever (not very high), mild headache, low energy and poor appetite. For other symptom is confusion, drowsiness, light sensitivity, vomiting, irritability or poor temper control. (encephalitis , 2012) According to Christian norqist 2009, symptom for less common severe in encephalitis is the patients will experience stiff neck and back (occasionally). There also can be stiffness of the limbs, slow movement and clumsiness. The patient will also have cough and feels drowsy. For the more severe cases, the patients experience severe headaches, nausea, vomiting, confusion, memory loss, hearing problems, hallucination, seizures and possibly coma. The patient will be become aggressive for some cases. (christain norqist 2009). Symptoms of encephalitis in infants and newborns may be difficult to recognize. The parent or guardian should be alert of baby crying more than often (there will become worse when the baby is picked up and comforted). Besides that, the parent should be look out of vomiting, soft spot on the top of the head (frontal) may bulge out more. Other symptoms are includes body stiffness and poor feeding. (christain norqist 2009). For emergency symptoms in encephalitis is the patients will loss of consciousness, poor responsiveness, coma, muscle weakness, seizures, severe headache, and sudden change in mental functions which are amnesia, lack of mood, impaired of judgement inability to make decision and less interest in daily activities. (encephalitis 2012) 2.4.2 Signs of Encephalitis Signs of encephalitis may be show muscle weakness, speech problem, skin rash, mouth ulcers, mental confusion and neck stiffness. Other than that, signs of encephalitis are abnormal reflexes and increased intracranial pressure. Table Summary of symptoms Symptoms of encephalitis Less severe More severe In newborn and young infants Mild headache Fever Poor appetite Light sensitivity Vomiting Disorientation Stiff neck and back Severe headache Nausea Vomiting Confusion Memory loss Speech problem Hallucination Seizures coma body stiffness poor feeding Bulging soft spots on the top head table Summary signs of encephalitis Signs of encephalitis Muscle weakness Mouth ulcers Neck stiffness Skin rash Speech problem Abnormal reflexes Increased intracranial pressure Mental confusion 2.5 Pathophysiology The virus causes inflammation of brain tissue. The brain tissue swells (cerebral edema), which may destroy nerve cells, cause bleeding in the brain (intracerebral haemorrhage), and brain damage. When the virus spread by haematogenous (via bloodstream) like example rabies virus, it replicates outside the CNS and enter in the CNS. Since the virus through the blood- brain barrier t virus enter neural cells. These will result disruption of cell functioning, perivascular congestion, haemorrhage and a diffuse inflammatory response that disproportionately affects gray matters over white matter. Certain virus depend to neuron cell membrane preceptors that only found in specific parts of the brain like example Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) more likely causes haemorrhage necrotic encephalitis with predilection for the limbic system, inferior and medial temporal lobes. (David) According to james nina 2004, individuals who obtain encephalitis more frequently develop permanent neurologic disabilities. This condition is more serious than meningitis. This is happened when the viral infection produce in cerebral edema with numerous hemorrhagic spots scattered throughout the cerebral hemispheres, brainstem and cerebellum. 2.6 Histopathology 2.6.1 Arthropod- Borne Viral Encephalitis CHAPTER THREE IMAGING MODALITIES 3.1 Computer Tomography (CT scan) Computer Tomography is the combination of computer technology and x-rays as a result two dimensional images of organ, bones and tissues. To detect sign of encephalitis or inflammation of the meninges, usually procedure with contrast is required. The contrast is injected into bloodstream to more differentiate tissues in the brain. (national institude of neurological disorder and stroke 2011) Mahesh (2011) states that in adult, encephalitis in CT scans visualize hypodensity in the temporal lobe either bilaterally or unilaterally. It also involves with or without frontal lobe. 3.2 Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI) MRI is use strong magnet and computer- generates radio waves to produce more detail images of body structures which are tissues, bones, organs and nerves. MRI is better than CT scan which is give more clearly picture that can help to recognize brain and spinal cord inflammation. Infection, tumors, eye disease and blood vessel irregularities that can be stroke. The images that require more detail, a contrast may be injected. (national institude of neurological disorder and stroke 2011) 3.3 Electroencephalography (EEG) EEG is use by monitoring electrical activity in the brain through the skull to detect abnormal brain waves. The function of EEG is to help diagnose certain seizure disorder, specific viral infection, for example herpes virus and inflammation of the brain or spinal cord. (national institude of neurological disorder and stroke 2011) 3.4 Ultrasonography Mahesh (2011) states that the role of ultrasonography in detects herpes encephalitis are limited. This is because it limited to identify the periventicular destructive process in neonatal evaluation ultrasonogaphy. Ultrasound showing a good near field but less far field resolution (Cranial Ultrsonography in Neonates 2010) . According to (james nina , 2004) MRI is precious diagnosis because it can detect brain inflammation earlier than Computed tomography (CT), ultrasound, nuclear medicine studies, or EEG evaluation. Other anomalies such as a brain abscess or subdural emphysema or hematoma that mimics the clinical sign of viral encephalitis can be rule out by MR. 3.5 Nuclear Imaging CHAPTER FOUR IMAGES OF FEATURES OF PATHOLOGY 4.1 Computed Tomography (CT Scan) http://www.mypacs.net/repos/mpv3_repo/viz/full/0/38/120/39969726.jpghttp://www.mypacs.net/repos/mpv3_repo/viz/full/0/38/120/39969721.jpg Figure shows 30 years old men that have AIDS, presenting with left facial palsy. Figure (a) shows CT scan non contrast as a result a isodence lesion in the right basal ganglia, surrounded by hypodense edema and mass effect. Figure (b) shows CT with contrast that represent a ring- enchancing lesion in the right basal ganglia that surrounded by edema. ( Antonio, 2011) a b http://www.pediatriconcall.com/fordoctor/diseasesandcondition/pediatric_emergencies/IMAGE/v7c09a%5B1%5D.jpg Figure (a) show some hypodensity in the thalami and temporal lobes without contrast, indicative of bilateral cortical and subcortical edema. Figure (b) shows there is meningeal enhancement at the margins of abnormal parenchymas as well as mild central enhancement after IV contrast is injected. There is no evidence of herniation. a bImage of encephalitis Figure 4.1 (a) is a CT scan of a normal brain. Figure 4.1 (b) shows contrast materials have accumulate in infected areas and around the brain from encephalitis. (Paul 2011) 4.2 MRI Imaging http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hsv_encephalitis.jpg/230px-Hsv_encephalitis.jpg Figure 4.2 high signals in the temporal lobes including hippocampal formations and parahippogampal grae, insulae and right inferior gyrus by using coronal T2- weighted MR. http://images.radiopaedia.org/images/539441/ea09c9c0186c85af7c888a031e559c_gallery.jpg Figure shows that MRI demonstrates extensive oedema in the right temporal lobes with areas of intrinsic high T1 signal, in keeping with haemorrhage. Axial proton densityà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬weighted image in a 62-year-o Figure shows 62 years old woman with confusion and herpes encephalitis with axial proton density- weight image. It demonstrates T2 hyperintensity involving the right temporal lobe. 4.3 Ultrosonography Full-size image (20 K) Figure demonstrate coronol ultrasound scan at the level of the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles. It performed with phased array transducer. It is shows mildly dilated frontal horns and bilateral grade 1 intraventricular hemorrhage (arrows). CHAPTER FIVE DISCUSSION 5.1 Difference Encephalitis and Meningitis Encephalitis is the dangerous than meningitis because the person that has encephalitis is more develop to permanent neurologic disabilities. According to james nina 2004, meningitis is an inflammation of the meningeal that covering the brain and spinal cord. Bacteria, viruses or other organisms that reach the meninges are the causes of meningitis. This can be happened in elsewhere in the body by blood or lymph as a result from trauma and penetrating wounds, or from adjacent structures that become infected. Most common that cause meningitis is bacterial infection. Kathryn sue 1994 states that meningitis is infection of meninges that causes by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites and other toxins. This infection can be classified to acute, subacute and chronic. The pathophysiology, treatment and clinical manifestation are different for each type of organism. Bacterial meningitis is a primary of an infection of the pia mater and arachnoid, the subarachnoid space, the ventricular system and the CFS (kathyn sue 1994). The types of bacteria that carry for acute bacterial meningitis are meningococci, streptococci, and pneumocci. Middle ear or frontal sinus is responsible that carried the bacteria to meninges. The most common meningitis in children is meningococcal, the most common meningitis in adult is pneumococcal and streptococcal meningitis is the most common in young children. CHAPTER SIX TREATMENT 6.1 Treatment The objective of treatment is to help the human body to fight the infection and relieve symptoms with give supportive care like example rest, nutrition, and fluids. Antibiotics will give to patients if the infection is caused by bacteria (certain bacteria) and antiviral medication (acyclovir and foscarnet) to treat herpes encephalitis or the severe viral infection. Anti seizure medication ( phenytoin) will be given to prevent seizures. (encephalitis 2012) Mayo 2011 states that treatment for mild cases include bed rest, drinking plenty of fluid and anti- inflammatory drugs such as acetaminophen to relieve fever and headache. For more severe cases of encephalitis can be category into three treatment which are Antiviral drugs, supportive care and follow up therapy. 6.1.1 Antiviral drugs Acylovir and Ganciclovir are antiviral drugs that common used to treat encephalitis but it is not responding for some viruses such as insect-borne viruses. This drug also can be very effective to treat herpes simplex virus. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, pain of muscle or joint and loss of appetite are the side effect for the antiviral drugs. Abnormalities in kidney or liver function are rare serious problem (Mayo 2011) 6.1.2 Supportive Care For severe encephalitis, additional supportive care also be needed in the hospital. This is including breathing assistance as monitor heart function and breathing, intravenous fluids is to ensure that appropriate levels of essential minerals and proper hydration. Anti- inflammatory also be given to help reduce pressure and swelling within the skull such as corticosteroids. Patient that have seizures or to prevent seizure, anticonvulsant medicine such as phenytoin is given (Mayo 2011). 6.1.3 Follow up therapy Follow up therapy is depending to the type or severity of complication. This therapy includes physical therapy which is to help improve flexibility, strength, motor coordination and balance. Occupational therapy is to use adaptive products that help with everyday activities and develop everyday skills. Patient that have speech problem, speech therapy can be help to relearn muscle control and coordination. Psychotherapy is learning how to be coping strategies and have new behavioural skills that can improve personality changes and mood disorder (Mayo 2011). 6.2 Diagnosis According to National Institute of Neurological disorders and stroke (2011), the doctor may diagnostic tests to confirm the presence of inflammation and infection by following a physical exam and medical history to looking activities of the past several days such as patient have bite by animal or insects or any contact with ill persons. The patients may perform a neurological examination, laboratory screening of blood, urine and body sections and analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid. A neurological examination is to assess nerve function, coordination and balance, mental status, changes in behaviour and function of motor and sensory. Usually, the doctor use small light, reflex hammer to test of strength and sensation or nervous system. Laboratory screening of blood, urine and body secretions is use to determine the presence of antibodies and foreign body that can detect and recognize brain and spinal cord inflammation and infection. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid is the procedure that known as lumbar puncture. The procedure of lumbar puncture is special needle is inserted into the lower back and then a small of amount of cerebrospinal fluids is removed. CHAPTER SEVEN PROGNOSIS 7.1 Expectations Usually, outcome of encephalitis is depend on what infection involves, the severity of illness, how quickly time treatment is given. Patient with very mild encephalitis most of them can make a full recovery, although the process treatment may be slow. The patient can be recovering in 2-4 weeks for patient have experience only fever, body stiffness and headache. For the severe cases, the patient may be have problem with hearing, speech, blindness, behaviour changes, seizures, memory loss, muscle weakness, and cognitive disabilities. Long-term therapy, medication and supportive care may be required for these patients. (national institude of neurological disorder and stroke 2011) Goodman (2003) notes that patient who may have been ill at the onset , their rate recovery range from 10% to 50%. The patients have mumps meningoencephalitis and Venezuelan equine encephalitis have an excellent expectation. Other encephalitis that have moderate to good rate of survival are western equine, St. Louis and California encephalitis. Herpes simplex encephalitis has a moderately good outcome, 50% of person neurologic disorder and 20% mortality. With similar infections, young children more take longer recover than adults. In infants, permanent cerebral sequelae are occurred. 7.2 Prevention Christian Nordqist (2009) found that the effectives way to reduced risk to get encephalitis by keeping up to date with vaccines. Other than that, take measures to reduce the risk being bitten in area to have mosquito that carry virus encephalitis. For example, keep house mosquito free, wearing appropriate clothing, do not go mosquito infested area, using insect repellent, avoid go outside at specific time where there a lot of mosquito, for example at night and make sure there are no stagnant water in house. Beside that, encephalitis can be prevented by avoid sharing food, glasses or other object that have be exposed from infected person. Good personal hygiene also can reduce risk to get disease from infected person. Wash hand frequently with soap and rinse under running water ( National Institude of Neurologic Disorder and Stroke 2011). CHAPTER EIGHT CONCLUSION